{"id":256485,"date":"2024-05-08T03:38:48","date_gmt":"2024-05-08T03:38:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/?p=256485"},"modified":"2024-05-08T03:38:48","modified_gmt":"2024-05-08T03:38:48","slug":"how-to-call-p-value-in-r","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/","title":{"rendered":"How to call p-value in R?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In statistics, the p-value plays a crucial role in hypothesis testing. It represents the probability of obtaining results as extreme or more extreme than the observed data, given that the null hypothesis is true. R, a powerful programming language for statistical analysis and data visualization, provides several methods to calculate and call the p-value. In this article, we will explore different ways to call the p-value in R, along with additional FAQs related to its usage.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_62 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#How_to_call_p-value_in_R\" title=\"How to call p-value in R?\">How to call p-value in R?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#1_t-test\" title=\"1. t-test:\">1. t-test:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#2_Chi-squared_test\" title=\"2. Chi-squared test:\">2. Chi-squared test:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#3_ANOVA\" title=\"3. ANOVA:\">3. ANOVA:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#4_Correlation_tests\" title=\"4. Correlation tests:\">4. Correlation tests:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#5_Paired_t-test\" title=\"5. Paired t-test:\">5. Paired t-test:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#6_Mann-Whitney_U_test\" title=\"6. Mann-Whitney U test:\">6. Mann-Whitney U test:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#7_Kruskal-Wallis_test\" title=\"7. Kruskal-Wallis test:\">7. Kruskal-Wallis test:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#8_Binomial_test\" title=\"8. Binomial test:\">8. Binomial test:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#9_Fishers_exact_test\" title=\"9. Fisher&#8217;s exact test:\">9. Fisher&#8217;s exact test:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#10_Kruskal-Wallis_rank_sum_test\" title=\"10. Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test:\">10. Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#11_One-sample_t-test\" title=\"11. One-sample t-test:\">11. One-sample t-test:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#12_Two-sample_t-test\" title=\"12. Two-sample t-test:\">12. Two-sample t-test:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs\" title=\"Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)\">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#1_How_can_I_interpret_the_p-value\" title=\"1. How can I interpret the p-value?\">1. How can I interpret the p-value?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#2_What_if_the_p-value_is_greater_than_005\" title=\"2. What if the p-value is greater than 0.05?\">2. What if the p-value is greater than 0.05?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#3_How_can_I_change_the_significance_level_in_R\" title=\"3. How can I change the significance level in R?\">3. How can I change the significance level in R?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#4_Can_I_compare_p-values_from_different_tests\" title=\"4. Can I compare p-values from different tests?\">4. Can I compare p-values from different tests?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#5_How_precise_is_the_p-value\" title=\"5. How precise is the p-value?\">5. How precise is the p-value?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#6_Can_p-value_determine_effect_size\" title=\"6. Can p-value determine effect size?\">6. Can p-value determine effect size?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#7_What_happens_if_the_sample_size_is_too_small\" title=\"7. What happens if the sample size is too small?\">7. What happens if the sample size is too small?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#8_Is_a_low_p-value_always_meaningful\" title=\"8. Is a low p-value always meaningful?\">8. Is a low p-value always meaningful?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#9_Can_R_calculate_p-values_for_custom_statistical_tests\" title=\"9. Can R calculate p-values for custom statistical tests?\">9. Can R calculate p-values for custom statistical tests?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#10_Is_it_possible_to_obtain_p-values_for_non-parametric_tests\" title=\"10. Is it possible to obtain p-values for non-parametric tests?\">10. Is it possible to obtain p-values for non-parametric tests?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#11_How_should_I_report_p-values_in_research_papers\" title=\"11. How should I report p-values in research papers?\">11. How should I report p-values in research papers?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#12_Are_p-values_the_only_measure_of_statistical_significance\" title=\"12. Are p-values the only measure of statistical significance?\">12. Are p-values the only measure of statistical significance?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_to_call_p-value_in_R\"><\/span>How to call p-value in R?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>To call the p-value in R, you can use several functions depending on the statistical test or method you are performing. Here are some commonly used methods:<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_t-test\"><\/span>1. t-test:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nTo call the p-value for a t-test in R, you can use the `t.test()` function. The p-value can be accessed using the `$p.value` attribute of the returned object.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Chi-squared_test\"><\/span>2. Chi-squared test:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nFor calling the p-value for a chi-squared test, use the `chisq.test()` function in R. The p-value can be obtained from the `$p.value` attribute of the returned object.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_ANOVA\"><\/span>3. ANOVA:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nTo get the p-value for an ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) test in R, you can use the `anova()` function. The p-value can be found in the last column with the heading `Pr(>F)`.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Correlation_tests\"><\/span>4. Correlation tests:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nTo determine the p-value for correlation tests like Pearson&#8217;s correlation coefficient, you can use the `cor.test()` function. The p-value is retrieved using `$p.value` attribute.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Paired_t-test\"><\/span>5. Paired t-test:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nTo call the p-value for a paired t-test, utilize the `paired.t.test()` function. The p-value can be accessed from the `$p.value` attribute of the returned object.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Mann-Whitney_U_test\"><\/span>6. Mann-Whitney U test:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nFor obtaining the p-value for a Mann-Whitney U test, use the `wilcox.test()` function in R. The p-value can be accessed using `$p.value` attribute of the returned object.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Kruskal-Wallis_test\"><\/span>7. Kruskal-Wallis test:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nTo get the p-value for a Kruskal-Wallis test, you can utilize the `kruskal.test()` function in R. The p-value is retrieved from `$p.value` attribute of the returned object.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_Binomial_test\"><\/span>8. Binomial test:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nFor calling the p-value for a binomial test, use the `binom.test()` function in R. The p-value can be accessed through `$p.value` attribute of the returned object.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"9_Fishers_exact_test\"><\/span>9. Fisher&#8217;s exact test:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nTo determine the p-value for Fisher&#8217;s exact test, use the `fisher.test()` function. The p-value can be accessed using `$p.value` attribute of the returned object.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"10_Kruskal-Wallis_rank_sum_test\"><\/span>10. Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nFor getting the p-value for the Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test, utilize the `kruskal.test()` function in R. The p-value is accessed through `$p.value` attribute of the returned object.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"11_One-sample_t-test\"><\/span>11. One-sample t-test:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nTo call the p-value for a one-sample t-test, use the `t.test()` function in R with the `mu` parameter set as the expected mean. The p-value can be accessed using `$p.value` attribute of the returned object.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"12_Two-sample_t-test\"><\/span>12. Two-sample t-test:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nFor calling the p-value for a two-sample t-test, use the `t.test()` function in R with the two sample vectors as input. The p-value can be obtained through `$p.value` attribute of the returned object.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs\"><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_How_can_I_interpret_the_p-value\"><\/span>1. How can I interpret the p-value?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nThe p-value represents the evidence against the null hypothesis. A small p-value (typically less than 0.05) suggests strong evidence against the null hypothesis, indicating that the observed data is unlikely to have occurred by chance.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_What_if_the_p-value_is_greater_than_005\"><\/span>2. What if the p-value is greater than 0.05?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nIf the p-value is greater than the significance level (commonly 0.05), it suggests that there is not enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis. However, it does not prove that the null hypothesis is true.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_How_can_I_change_the_significance_level_in_R\"><\/span>3. How can I change the significance level in R?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nThe significance level (alpha) can be adjusted by specifying a different value in the statistical test functions. By default, most R functions use a significance level of 0.05.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Can_I_compare_p-values_from_different_tests\"><\/span>4. Can I compare p-values from different tests?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nComparing p-values directly from different tests is not recommended as they are specific to their respective null hypotheses. P-values can only be compared within the same test.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_How_precise_is_the_p-value\"><\/span>5. How precise is the p-value?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nThe p-value is an approximation based on assumptions and sample data. It provides an estimate of the probability, but it is not a definitive measure. Its precision relies on various factors such as sample size and underlying assumptions.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Can_p-value_determine_effect_size\"><\/span>6. Can p-value determine effect size?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nNo, the p-value solely focuses on hypothesis testing and does not provide any information about the magnitude or importance of the effect observed. For effect size estimation, other statistical measures like Cohen&#8217;s d or correlation coefficients should be considered.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_What_happens_if_the_sample_size_is_too_small\"><\/span>7. What happens if the sample size is too small?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nWith a small sample size, the statistical power decreases, and it may lead to larger p-values, making it challenging to detect significant effects even if they exist.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_Is_a_low_p-value_always_meaningful\"><\/span>8. Is a low p-value always meaningful?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nA low p-value indicates strong evidence against the null hypothesis but does not necessarily imply practical significance. It is essential to consider the effect size and context when interpreting the results.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"9_Can_R_calculate_p-values_for_custom_statistical_tests\"><\/span>9. Can R calculate p-values for custom statistical tests?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nYes, R provides flexibility to define and calculate p-values for a wide range of custom statistical tests through programming and simulation methods.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"10_Is_it_possible_to_obtain_p-values_for_non-parametric_tests\"><\/span>10. Is it possible to obtain p-values for non-parametric tests?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nYes, R offers functions to calculate p-values for non-parametric tests like permutation tests, bootstrap tests, Wilcoxon tests, and more.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"11_How_should_I_report_p-values_in_research_papers\"><\/span>11. How should I report p-values in research papers?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nIn research papers, it is customary to report p-values alongside the test statistic and degrees of freedom. The p-value should be rounded to an appropriate number of decimal places to maintain clarity without excessive precision.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"12_Are_p-values_the_only_measure_of_statistical_significance\"><\/span>12. Are p-values the only measure of statistical significance?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nWhile p-values are widely used in hypothesis testing, they are not the only measure of statistical significance. Confidence intervals, effect sizes, and other statistical measures can provide additional insights when interpreting the results.<\/p>\n<p>Even though the p-value is a widely used concept in hypothesis testing, it is crucial to interpret it alongside other measures and consider the broader context of the analysis. R, with its extensive functionality, enables researchers and statisticians to effectively calculate and call p-values for a variety of statistical tests, aiding in rigorous data analysis and decision-making.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In statistics, the p-value plays a crucial role in hypothesis testing. It represents the probability of obtaining results as extreme or more extreme than the observed data, given that the null hypothesis is true. R, a powerful programming language for statistical analysis and data visualization, provides several methods to calculate and call the p-value. In &#8230; <\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more-container\"><a title=\"How to call p-value in R?\" class=\"read-more button\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#more-256485\">Read more<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">How to call p-value in R?<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":65,"featured_media":107420,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[86279],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-256485","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-learn","no-featured-image-padding"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How to call p-value in R?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In statistics, the p-value plays a crucial role in hypothesis testing. It represents the probability of obtaining results as extreme or more extreme than\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How to call p-value in R?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In statistics, the p-value plays a crucial role in hypothesis testing. It represents the probability of obtaining results as extreme or more extreme than\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Namso Gen Blog - Free Credit Card Generator [100% Valid]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/synchronyfinancial\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-05-08T03:38:48+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/faq.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"630\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Timothy Mathis\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@synchrony\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@synchrony\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Timothy Mathis\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Timothy Mathis\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/ffa5be155490b2344e28f672fcc1e318\"},\"headline\":\"How to call p-value in R?\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-05-08T03:38:48+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-05-08T03:38:48+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/\"},\"wordCount\":1014,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/#organization\"},\"articleSection\":[\"Learn\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/\",\"name\":\"How to call p-value in R?\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2024-05-08T03:38:48+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-05-08T03:38:48+00:00\",\"description\":\"In statistics, the p-value plays a crucial role in hypothesis testing. It represents the probability of obtaining results as extreme or more extreme than\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"How to call p-value in R?\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/\",\"name\":\"Namso Gen Blog - Free Credit Card Generator [100% Valid]\",\"description\":\"In Namso gen blog you can get many tips regarding to Credit cards, VCC, Credit card security etc. You can generate credit cards by using Namso-gen.co\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Namso Gen Blog - Free Credit Card Generator [100% Valid]\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/namso-gen-logo.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/namso-gen-logo.png\",\"width\":500,\"height\":164,\"caption\":\"Namso Gen Blog - Free Credit Card Generator [100% Valid]\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/synchronyfinancial\",\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/synchrony\",\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/synchronyfinancial\",\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/synchrony\",\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/synchrony-financial\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/ffa5be155490b2344e28f672fcc1e318\",\"name\":\"Timothy Mathis\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Timothy Mathis\"},\"description\":\"Guest author Timothy Mathis has meticulously crafted and revised this article to the best of their knowledge and understanding. Readers are strongly advised to exercise caution, verify information independently, and rely on their own judgment when considering the information provided. Read more articles on Namso Gen here.\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"How to call p-value in R?","description":"In statistics, the p-value plays a crucial role in hypothesis testing. It represents the probability of obtaining results as extreme or more extreme than","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"How to call p-value in R?","og_description":"In statistics, the p-value plays a crucial role in hypothesis testing. It represents the probability of obtaining results as extreme or more extreme than","og_url":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/","og_site_name":"Namso Gen Blog - Free Credit Card Generator [100% Valid]","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/synchronyfinancial","article_published_time":"2024-05-08T03:38:48+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1200,"height":630,"url":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/faq.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"Timothy Mathis","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@synchrony","twitter_site":"@synchrony","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Timothy Mathis","Est. reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/"},"author":{"name":"Timothy Mathis","@id":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/ffa5be155490b2344e28f672fcc1e318"},"headline":"How to call p-value in R?","datePublished":"2024-05-08T03:38:48+00:00","dateModified":"2024-05-08T03:38:48+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/"},"wordCount":1014,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/#organization"},"articleSection":["Learn"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/","url":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/","name":"How to call p-value in R?","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/#website"},"datePublished":"2024-05-08T03:38:48+00:00","dateModified":"2024-05-08T03:38:48+00:00","description":"In statistics, the p-value plays a crucial role in hypothesis testing. It represents the probability of obtaining results as extreme or more extreme than","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-call-p-value-in-r\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"How to call p-value in R?"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/#website","url":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/","name":"Namso Gen Blog - Free Credit Card Generator [100% Valid]","description":"In Namso gen blog you can get many tips regarding to Credit cards, VCC, Credit card security etc. You can generate credit cards by using Namso-gen.co","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/#organization","name":"Namso Gen Blog - Free Credit Card Generator [100% Valid]","url":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/namso-gen-logo.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/namso-gen-logo.png","width":500,"height":164,"caption":"Namso Gen Blog - Free Credit Card Generator [100% Valid]"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/synchronyfinancial","https:\/\/twitter.com\/synchrony","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/synchronyfinancial","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/synchrony","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/synchrony-financial"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/ffa5be155490b2344e28f672fcc1e318","name":"Timothy Mathis","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Timothy Mathis"},"description":"Guest author Timothy Mathis has meticulously crafted and revised this article to the best of their knowledge and understanding. Readers are strongly advised to exercise caution, verify information independently, and rely on their own judgment when considering the information provided. Read more articles on Namso Gen here."}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/256485","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/65"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=256485"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/256485\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/107420"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=256485"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=256485"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=256485"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}