{"id":250583,"date":"2024-07-16T08:13:05","date_gmt":"2024-07-16T08:13:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/?p=250583"},"modified":"2024-07-16T08:13:05","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T08:13:05","slug":"what-p-value-rejects-the-null-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-p-value-rejects-the-null-2\/","title":{"rendered":"What P value rejects the null?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A p-value is a statistical measure used in hypothesis testing to determine the probability of obtaining observed data or more extreme results if the null hypothesis is true. It assists researchers in making conclusions about the hypotheses being tested. The threshold p-value, which determines whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis, is typically set before the study begins. So, what p-value rejects the null?<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_62 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-p-value-rejects-the-null-2\/#The_P-Value_that_Rejects_the_Null_Hypothesis\" title=\"The P-Value that Rejects the Null Hypothesis:\">The P-Value that Rejects the Null Hypothesis:<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-p-value-rejects-the-null-2\/#1_What_is_the_null_hypothesis\" title=\"1. What is the null hypothesis?\">1. What is the null hypothesis?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-p-value-rejects-the-null-2\/#2_What_is_the_alternative_hypothesis\" title=\"2. What is the alternative hypothesis?\">2. What is the alternative hypothesis?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-p-value-rejects-the-null-2\/#3_What_is_a_p-value\" title=\"3. What is a p-value?\">3. What is a p-value?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-p-value-rejects-the-null-2\/#4_How_is_the_p-value_interpreted\" title=\"4. How is the p-value interpreted?\">4. How is the p-value interpreted?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-p-value-rejects-the-null-2\/#5_What_is_a_significance_level\" title=\"5. What is a significance level?\">5. What is a significance level?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-p-value-rejects-the-null-2\/#6_What_is_a_Type_I_error\" title=\"6. What is a Type I error?\">6. What is a Type I error?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-p-value-rejects-the-null-2\/#7_What_is_a_Type_II_error\" title=\"7. What is a Type II error?\">7. What is a Type II error?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-p-value-rejects-the-null-2\/#8_Can_a_p-value_be_negative\" title=\"8. Can a p-value be negative?\">8. Can a p-value be negative?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-p-value-rejects-the-null-2\/#9_Can_the_p-value_be_greater_than_1\" title=\"9. Can the p-value be greater than 1?\">9. Can the p-value be greater than 1?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-p-value-rejects-the-null-2\/#10_Can_we_say_that_an_effect_is_not_significant_if_the_p-value_is_above_005\" title=\"10. Can we say that an effect is not significant if the p-value is above 0.05?\">10. Can we say that an effect is not significant if the p-value is above 0.05?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-p-value-rejects-the-null-2\/#11_Can_a_small_p-value_guarantee_a_large_effect_size\" title=\"11. Can a small p-value guarantee a large effect size?\">11. Can a small p-value guarantee a large effect size?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-p-value-rejects-the-null-2\/#12_Can_we_conclude_anything_if_the_p-value_is_exactly_equal_to_the_significance_level\" title=\"12. Can we conclude anything if the p-value is exactly equal to the significance level?\">12. Can we conclude anything if the p-value is exactly equal to the significance level?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_P-Value_that_Rejects_the_Null_Hypothesis\"><\/span><strong>The P-Value that Rejects the Null Hypothesis:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The p-value that rejects the null hypothesis depends on the predetermined significance level, often denoted by \u03b1 (alpha). In hypothesis testing, the significance level represents the threshold for defining &#8220;statistical significance.&#8221; Commonly used significance levels are 0.10, 0.05, and 0.01. If the calculated p-value is equal to or lower than the chosen significance level, the null hypothesis is rejected, suggesting that the experimental results are statistically significant.<\/p>\n<p>However, it is essential to note that the p-value itself does not prove that the alternative hypothesis is true or provide information about effect size or practical significance. It merely indicates the strength of evidence against the null hypothesis. Therefore, it is crucial to interpret p-values in conjunction with other relevant factors when drawing conclusions.<\/p>\n<p>Now, let&#8217;s address some frequently asked questions about p-values and hypothesis testing:<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_What_is_the_null_hypothesis\"><\/span>1. What is the null hypothesis?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nThe null hypothesis (H0) is a statement that there is no significant difference or relationship between variables or no effect of a treatment. It is the hypothesis being tested.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_What_is_the_alternative_hypothesis\"><\/span>2. What is the alternative hypothesis?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nThe alternative hypothesis (Ha or H1) is a statement that contradicts the null hypothesis and suggests that there is a significant difference or relationship between variables or an effect of a treatment.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_What_is_a_p-value\"><\/span>3. What is a p-value?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nThe p-value is the probability of obtaining observed data or more extreme results if the null hypothesis is true. It represents the strength of evidence against the null hypothesis.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_How_is_the_p-value_interpreted\"><\/span>4. How is the p-value interpreted?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nIf the p-value is lower than the chosen significance level (usually \u03b1 = 0.05), it suggests that the observed data is unlikely to occur if the null hypothesis is true, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_What_is_a_significance_level\"><\/span>5. What is a significance level?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nThe significance level (\u03b1) is the predetermined threshold below which the null hypothesis is rejected. It represents the maximum acceptable probability of a Type I error (rejecting a true null hypothesis).<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_What_is_a_Type_I_error\"><\/span>6. What is a Type I error?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nA Type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is wrongly rejected, indicating a significant difference or relationship when none exists in reality. It represents a false positive conclusion.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_What_is_a_Type_II_error\"><\/span>7. What is a Type II error?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nA Type II error occurs when the null hypothesis is incorrectly not rejected, failing to detect a significant difference or relationship that actually exists. It represents a false negative conclusion.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_Can_a_p-value_be_negative\"><\/span>8. Can a p-value be negative?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nNo, a p-value cannot be negative. It is always a value between 0 and 1.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"9_Can_the_p-value_be_greater_than_1\"><\/span>9. Can the p-value be greater than 1?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nNo, the p-value is always between 0 and 1. A value greater than 1 would be statistically meaningless.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"10_Can_we_say_that_an_effect_is_not_significant_if_the_p-value_is_above_005\"><\/span>10. Can we say that an effect is not significant if the p-value is above 0.05?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nNo, the choice of significance level (usually 0.05) is arbitrary and depends on the researcher&#8217;s preferences and the field of study. It does not definitively determine the practical significance or lack thereof.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"11_Can_a_small_p-value_guarantee_a_large_effect_size\"><\/span>11. Can a small p-value guarantee a large effect size?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nNo, a small p-value only implies that the observed data is unlikely to occur if the null hypothesis is true. It does not provide information about the magnitude or practical significance of the observed effect.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"12_Can_we_conclude_anything_if_the_p-value_is_exactly_equal_to_the_significance_level\"><\/span>12. Can we conclude anything if the p-value is exactly equal to the significance level?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nIf the p-value is equal to the chosen significance level, the decision to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis is at the researcher&#8217;s discretion. It is prudent to consider other factors such as effect size, sample size, and research context when making conclusions.<\/p>\n<p>In conclusion, the p-value that rejects the null hypothesis depends on the predetermined significance level. If the calculated p-value is equal to or lower than the chosen significance level (e.g., \u03b1 = 0.05), the null hypothesis is rejected, indicating a statistically significant result. However, p-values should always be interpreted alongside other relevant factors when making conclusions.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A p-value is a statistical measure used in hypothesis testing to determine the probability of obtaining observed data or more extreme results if the null hypothesis is true. It assists researchers in making conclusions about the hypotheses being tested. The threshold p-value, which determines whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis, is &#8230; <\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more-container\"><a title=\"What P value rejects the null?\" class=\"read-more button\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-p-value-rejects-the-null-2\/#more-250583\">Read more<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">What P value rejects the null?<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":63,"featured_media":107420,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[86279],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-250583","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-learn","no-featured-image-padding"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What P value rejects the null?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A p-value is a statistical measure used in hypothesis testing to determine the probability of obtaining observed data or more extreme results if the null\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-p-value-rejects-the-null-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What P value rejects the null?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A p-value is a statistical measure used in hypothesis testing to determine the probability of obtaining observed data or more extreme results if the null\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-p-value-rejects-the-null-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Namso Gen Blog - 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