{"id":228858,"date":"2024-03-29T09:56:35","date_gmt":"2024-03-29T09:56:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/?p=228858"},"modified":"2024-03-29T09:56:35","modified_gmt":"2024-03-29T09:56:35","slug":"how-to-lower-p-value","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-lower-p-value\/","title":{"rendered":"How to lower p value?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_62 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-lower-p-value\/#Introduction\" title=\"Introduction\">Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-lower-p-value\/#How_to_Lower_p-Value\" title=\"How to Lower p-Value?\">How to Lower p-Value?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-lower-p-value\/#1_Increase_Sample_Size\" title=\"1. Increase Sample Size\">1. Increase Sample Size<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-lower-p-value\/#2_Decrease_Variability\" title=\"2. Decrease Variability\">2. Decrease Variability<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-lower-p-value\/#3_Enhance_Experimental_Design\" title=\"3. Enhance Experimental Design\">3. Enhance Experimental Design<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-lower-p-value\/#4_Use_a_One-Tailed_Test\" title=\"4. Use a One-Tailed Test\">4. Use a One-Tailed Test<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-lower-p-value\/#5_Choose_an_Appropriate_Statistical_Test\" title=\"5. Choose an Appropriate Statistical Test\">5. Choose an Appropriate Statistical Test<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-lower-p-value\/#6_Reduce_Type_I_Error_Rate\" title=\"6. Reduce Type I Error Rate\">6. Reduce Type I Error Rate<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-lower-p-value\/#7_Increase_Effect_Size\" title=\"7. Increase Effect Size\">7. Increase Effect Size<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-lower-p-value\/#8_Control_for_Multiple_Comparisons\" title=\"8. Control for Multiple Comparisons\">8. Control for Multiple Comparisons<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-lower-p-value\/#9_Address_Missing_Data_Appropriately\" title=\"9. Address Missing Data Appropriately\">9. Address Missing Data Appropriately<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-lower-p-value\/#10_Consider_Longitudinal_Studies\" title=\"10. Consider Longitudinal Studies\">10. Consider Longitudinal Studies<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-lower-p-value\/#11_Perform_a_Meta-Analysis\" title=\"11. Perform a Meta-Analysis\">11. Perform a Meta-Analysis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-lower-p-value\/#12_Publish_even_Non-Significant_Results\" title=\"12. Publish even Non-Significant Results\">12. Publish even Non-Significant Results<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-lower-p-value\/#Frequently_Asked_Questions\" title=\"Frequently Asked Questions\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-lower-p-value\/#1_What_is_the_significance_of_lowering_p-values\" title=\"1. What is the significance of lowering p-values?\">1. What is the significance of lowering p-values?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-lower-p-value\/#2_Does_increasing_sample_size_always_lower_the_p-value\" title=\"2. Does increasing sample size always lower the p-value?\">2. Does increasing sample size always lower the p-value?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-lower-p-value\/#3_How_does_randomization_play_a_role_in_lowering_p-values\" title=\"3. How does randomization play a role in lowering p-values?\">3. How does randomization play a role in lowering p-values?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-lower-p-value\/#4_Can_I_selectively_choose_a_statistical_test_to_lower_the_p-value\" title=\"4. Can I selectively choose a statistical test to lower the p-value?\">4. Can I selectively choose a statistical test to lower the p-value?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-lower-p-value\/#5_Why_is_controlling_the_type_I_error_rate_important_to_lower_p-values\" title=\"5. Why is controlling the type I error rate important to lower p-values?\">5. Why is controlling the type I error rate important to lower p-values?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-lower-p-value\/#6_How_can_publishing_non-significant_results_impact_p-values\" title=\"6. How can publishing non-significant results impact p-values?\">6. How can publishing non-significant results impact p-values?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-lower-p-value\/#7_Are_all_non-significant_results_equal_in_terms_of_impact\" title=\"7. Are all non-significant results equal in terms of impact?\">7. Are all non-significant results equal in terms of impact?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-lower-p-value\/#8_Can_effect_size_alone_lower_p-values\" title=\"8. Can effect size alone lower p-values?\">8. Can effect size alone lower p-values?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-lower-p-value\/#9_How_can_handling_missing_data_appropriately_decrease_p-values\" title=\"9. How can handling missing data appropriately decrease p-values?\">9. How can handling missing data appropriately decrease p-values?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-lower-p-value\/#10_What_advantages_do_longitudinal_studies_offer_in_terms_of_p-values\" title=\"10. What advantages do longitudinal studies offer in terms of p-values?\">10. What advantages do longitudinal studies offer in terms of p-values?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-lower-p-value\/#11_Do_all_meta-analyses_automatically_lead_to_lower_p-values\" title=\"11. Do all meta-analyses automatically lead to lower p-values?\">11. Do all meta-analyses automatically lead to lower p-values?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-lower-p-value\/#12_Why_should_researchers_prioritize_generating_lower_p-values\" title=\"12. Why should researchers prioritize generating lower p-values?\">12. Why should researchers prioritize generating lower p-values?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span>Introduction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>When conducting scientific research, lower p-values indicate stronger evidence against the null hypothesis. A p-value is a statistical measure used to determine the probability of obtaining results as extreme as the observed data, if the null hypothesis is true. By lowering the p-value, researchers can strengthen the significance of their findings. In this article, we will explore various strategies to effectively lower p-values and enhance the validity of research results.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_to_Lower_p-Value\"><\/span>How to Lower p-Value?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>**The answer to the question &#8220;How to lower p-value?&#8221; is multifaceted, and it involves the following key strategies:**<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Increase_Sample_Size\"><\/span>1. Increase Sample Size<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nBy enlarging the sample size, the statistical power of the study is enhanced, which can lead to lower p-values. More extensive data provides a better representation of the population, reducing random variation and increasing the chances of detecting small but meaningful effects.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Decrease_Variability\"><\/span>2. Decrease Variability<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nReducing the variability within the study can help lower p-values. Researchers can accomplish this by controlling confounding factors, standardizing procedures, or using more precise measurement techniques.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Enhance_Experimental_Design\"><\/span>3. Enhance Experimental Design<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nImplementing a well-designed experimental approach contributes to lowering p-values. Randomization, blinding, and control groups help reduce bias and increase the accuracy of the study, resulting in more significant findings.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Use_a_One-Tailed_Test\"><\/span>4. Use a One-Tailed Test<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nBy utilizing a one-tailed test instead of a two-tailed test, researchers focus solely on one direction of the effect. This concentrates the statistical power in one direction, which can result in lower p-values.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Choose_an_Appropriate_Statistical_Test\"><\/span>5. Choose an Appropriate Statistical Test<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nSelecting the right statistical test considering the nature of the data and research question can increase the chances of obtaining lower p-values. Utilizing a test that aligns with the analysis requirements can minimize unnecessary variability and maximize the power of the study.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Reduce_Type_I_Error_Rate\"><\/span>6. Reduce Type I Error Rate<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nControlling the type I error rate, commonly represented by the symbol alpha (\u03b1), can help lower p-value. Lowering alpha will result in a more stringent criterion for statistical significance, making it harder to reject the null hypothesis and thus lowering p-values.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Increase_Effect_Size\"><\/span>7. Increase Effect Size<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nThe effect size measures the magnitude of the observed effect. Enhancing the size of the effect, either through intervention design or operationalization, increases statistical power and consequently helps in lowering p-values.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_Control_for_Multiple_Comparisons\"><\/span>8. Control for Multiple Comparisons<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nPerforming multiple statistical tests for various hypotheses increases the chance of finding a significant result by random chance alone. By adjusting the p-value threshold, such as using the Bonferroni correction, researchers can lower the probability of obtaining false positive results and decrease the p-value.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"9_Address_Missing_Data_Appropriately\"><\/span>9. Address Missing Data Appropriately<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nMissing data can introduce bias and affect statistical power. By implementing proper techniques to handle missing data, such as imputation or sensitivity analysis, researchers can obtain more accurate results, potentially leading to lower p-values.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"10_Consider_Longitudinal_Studies\"><\/span>10. Consider Longitudinal Studies<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nLongitudinal studies that collect data over an extended period provide a more comprehensive understanding of relationships between variables. By considering temporal changes, researchers can increase the reliability of their results, potentially resulting in lower p-values.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"11_Perform_a_Meta-Analysis\"><\/span>11. Perform a Meta-Analysis<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nBy combining multiple studies in a meta-analysis, researchers can increase the power to detect effects that may be missed in individual studies. Aggregating findings across different studies can strengthen evidence and potentially lead to lower p-values.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"12_Publish_even_Non-Significant_Results\"><\/span>12. Publish even Non-Significant Results<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nPromoting the publication of non-significant results reduces publication bias and selective reporting. By including non-significant findings in the scientific literature, researchers contribute to a more accurate representation of true effects, which can help lower p-values in subsequent studies.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Frequently_Asked_Questions\"><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_What_is_the_significance_of_lowering_p-values\"><\/span>1. What is the significance of lowering p-values?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nLower p-values indicate stronger evidence against the null hypothesis, strengthening the validity and significance of research findings.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Does_increasing_sample_size_always_lower_the_p-value\"><\/span>2. Does increasing sample size always lower the p-value?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nIncreasing sample size tends to lower p-values by decreasing random variation and increasing statistical power, but it does not guarantee a lower p-value in every scenario.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_How_does_randomization_play_a_role_in_lowering_p-values\"><\/span>3. How does randomization play a role in lowering p-values?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nRandomization helps reduce bias and ensure comparable groups, leading to more accurate results and, consequently, lower p-values.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Can_I_selectively_choose_a_statistical_test_to_lower_the_p-value\"><\/span>4. Can I selectively choose a statistical test to lower the p-value?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nWhile selecting an appropriate statistical test is important, deliberately choosing tests to obtain a desired p-value is unethical and goes against scientific integrity.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Why_is_controlling_the_type_I_error_rate_important_to_lower_p-values\"><\/span>5. Why is controlling the type I error rate important to lower p-values?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nControlling type I error rate reduces the chance of falsely rejecting the null hypothesis. By having a more stringent criterion for significance, p-values are inherently lowered.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_How_can_publishing_non-significant_results_impact_p-values\"><\/span>6. How can publishing non-significant results impact p-values?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nPublishing non-significant results promotes scientific transparency, reducing publication bias. This encourages subsequent researchers to build upon the existing body of evidence, potentially leading to lower p-values.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Are_all_non-significant_results_equal_in_terms_of_impact\"><\/span>7. Are all non-significant results equal in terms of impact?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nWhile non-significant results may not meet the traditional threshold for statistical significance, they can still provide valuable insights and contribute to cumulative knowledge.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_Can_effect_size_alone_lower_p-values\"><\/span>8. Can effect size alone lower p-values?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nIncreasing effect size increases statistical power, which can lead to lower p-values. However, effect size alone does not independently lower p-values.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"9_How_can_handling_missing_data_appropriately_decrease_p-values\"><\/span>9. How can handling missing data appropriately decrease p-values?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nAddressing missing data properly reduces potential bias and decreases variability, resulting in more accurate analysis and potentially lower p-values.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"10_What_advantages_do_longitudinal_studies_offer_in_terms_of_p-values\"><\/span>10. What advantages do longitudinal studies offer in terms of p-values?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nLongitudinal studies provide a more comprehensive understanding of relationships between variables over time, which helps reduce ambiguity and can lead to lower p-values.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"11_Do_all_meta-analyses_automatically_lead_to_lower_p-values\"><\/span>11. Do all meta-analyses automatically lead to lower p-values?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nMeta-analyses increase statistical power by pooling data from multiple studies. While this typically enhances the ability to detect effects, it does not guarantee lower p-values in every case.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"12_Why_should_researchers_prioritize_generating_lower_p-values\"><\/span>12. Why should researchers prioritize generating lower p-values?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nLower p-values strengthen the credibility of research findings, enhancing the impact and significance of the study within the scientific community and facilitating potential real-world applications.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction When conducting scientific research, lower p-values indicate stronger evidence against the null hypothesis. A p-value is a statistical measure used to determine the probability of obtaining results as extreme as the observed data, if the null hypothesis is true. By lowering the p-value, researchers can strengthen the significance of their findings. In this article, &#8230; <\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more-container\"><a title=\"How to lower p value?\" class=\"read-more button\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/how-to-lower-p-value\/#more-228858\">Read more<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">How to lower p value?<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":57,"featured_media":107420,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[86279],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-228858","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-learn","no-featured-image-padding"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How to lower p value?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Introduction When conducting scientific research, lower p-values indicate stronger evidence against the null hypothesis. 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