{"id":218517,"date":"2023-10-12T16:36:30","date_gmt":"2023-10-12T16:36:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/where-does-p-value-come-from\/"},"modified":"2023-10-12T16:36:30","modified_gmt":"2023-10-12T16:36:30","slug":"where-does-p-value-come-from","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/where-does-p-value-come-from\/","title":{"rendered":"Where does p-value come from?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The concept of p-value has been a crucial part of statistical analysis and hypothesis testing for many decades. It is a statistical measure that helps determine the significance of results obtained from experiments or studies. To understand where p-value comes from, let&#8217;s delve into its origins and the fundamental principles behind it.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_62 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/where-does-p-value-come-from\/#The_Birth_of_p-value\" title=\"The Birth of p-value:\">The Birth of p-value:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/where-does-p-value-come-from\/#Understanding_the_p-value\" title=\"Understanding the p-value:\">Understanding the p-value:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/where-does-p-value-come-from\/#Calculating_the_p-value\" title=\"Calculating the p-value:\">Calculating the p-value:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/where-does-p-value-come-from\/#The_Interpretation_of_p-value\" title=\"The Interpretation of p-value:\">The Interpretation of p-value:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/where-does-p-value-come-from\/#Related_FAQs\" title=\"Related FAQs:\">Related FAQs:<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/where-does-p-value-come-from\/#Is_a_smaller_p-value_always_better\" title=\"Is a smaller p-value always better?\">Is a smaller p-value always better?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/where-does-p-value-come-from\/#Can_a_p-value_be_greater_than_1\" title=\"Can a p-value be greater than 1?\">Can a p-value be greater than 1?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/where-does-p-value-come-from\/#What_does_it_mean_if_the_p-value_is_exactly_005\" title=\"What does it mean if the p-value is exactly 0.05?\">What does it mean if the p-value is exactly 0.05?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/where-does-p-value-come-from\/#Can_p-value_prove_causation\" title=\"Can p-value prove causation?\">Can p-value prove causation?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/where-does-p-value-come-from\/#Are_all_p-values_equally_reliable\" title=\"Are all p-values equally reliable?\">Are all p-values equally reliable?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/where-does-p-value-come-from\/#Does_a_non-significant_p-value_mean_there_is_no_effect\" title=\"Does a non-significant p-value mean there is no effect?\">Does a non-significant p-value mean there is no effect?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/where-does-p-value-come-from\/#Can_p-value_be_used_to_compare_different_studies_or_experiments\" title=\"Can p-value be used to compare different studies or experiments?\">Can p-value be used to compare different studies or experiments?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/where-does-p-value-come-from\/#Can_p-value_establish_the_truth_or_falsehood_of_a_hypothesis\" title=\"Can p-value establish the truth or falsehood of a hypothesis?\">Can p-value establish the truth or falsehood of a hypothesis?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/where-does-p-value-come-from\/#Should_p-value_be_the_sole_determinant_in_decision_making\" title=\"Should p-value be the sole determinant in decision making?\">Should p-value be the sole determinant in decision making?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/where-does-p-value-come-from\/#When_should_I_use_a_one-tailed_or_two-tailed_test\" title=\"When should I use a one-tailed or two-tailed test?\">When should I use a one-tailed or two-tailed test?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/where-does-p-value-come-from\/#Can_p-value_be_manipulated\" title=\"Can p-value be manipulated?\">Can p-value be manipulated?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Birth_of_p-value\"><\/span>The Birth of p-value:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The concept of p-value was introduced by Ronald Fisher, an English statistician, in the early 20th century. Fisher developed the idea as part of his work on experimental design and hypothesis testing. His pioneering contributions to statistics laid the foundation for modern statistical theory.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Understanding_the_p-value\"><\/span>Understanding the p-value:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The p-value is a statistical measure used in hypothesis testing, which allows us to assess the strength of evidence against a null hypothesis. In simpler terms, it is a way to determine the probability of obtaining results as extreme as the ones observed, assuming that the null hypothesis is true.<\/p>\n<p>In hypothesis testing, the null hypothesis represents the absence of any effect or difference. The alternative hypothesis, on the other hand, posits that an effect or difference exists. The p-value helps researchers decide whether the observed data supports the null hypothesis or provides evidence for rejecting it in favor of the alternative hypothesis.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Calculating_the_p-value\"><\/span>Calculating the p-value:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The p-value is calculated using statistical techniques based on the specific test being performed. The computations differ depending on the type of statistical test, such as t-test, chi-square test, or ANOVA. However, the general idea remains the same.<\/p>\n<p>After conducting a study or experiment, researchers collect data and analyze it using the appropriate statistical test. This test generates a test statistic, which quantifies the difference between the observed data and what would be expected under the null hypothesis. The p-value is then calculated based on the distribution of the test statistic.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Interpretation_of_p-value\"><\/span>The Interpretation of p-value:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The interpretation of p-value is often a topic of debate among statisticians and researchers. The widely accepted threshold for statistical significance is a p-value of 0.05 (or 5%). If the p-value is below this threshold, it is considered statistically significant, suggesting that the observed results are unlikely to occur due to random chance alone.<\/p>\n<p>**Where does p-value come from?**<br \/>\nThe p-value is a statistical measure introduced by Ronald Fisher to assess the strength of evidence against a null hypothesis.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Related_FAQs\"><\/span>Related FAQs:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Is_a_smaller_p-value_always_better\"><\/span>Is a smaller p-value always better?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nNo, the p-value does not measure the size of an effect or the practical significance of the results. It only indicates the strength of evidence against the null hypothesis.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Can_a_p-value_be_greater_than_1\"><\/span>Can a p-value be greater than 1?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nNo, a p-value cannot exceed 1 as it represents a probability. It ranges between 0 and 1, where values closer to 0 indicate stronger evidence against the null hypothesis.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_does_it_mean_if_the_p-value_is_exactly_005\"><\/span>What does it mean if the p-value is exactly 0.05?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nIf the p-value is exactly 0.05, it implies that there is a 5% chance of obtaining results as extreme as the observed data, assuming the null hypothesis is true. This is commonly considered the threshold for statistical significance.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Can_p-value_prove_causation\"><\/span>Can p-value prove causation?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nNo, p-value alone cannot establish causation. It only measures the strength of evidence against the null hypothesis and does not account for other potential factors.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Are_all_p-values_equally_reliable\"><\/span>Are all p-values equally reliable?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nNot necessarily. The reliability of a p-value depends on various factors, including the study design, sample size, and potential biases present in the data.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Does_a_non-significant_p-value_mean_there_is_no_effect\"><\/span>Does a non-significant p-value mean there is no effect?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nNo, a non-significant p-value does not necessarily indicate the absence of an effect. It may mean that the study lacks sufficient statistical power to detect the effect.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Can_p-value_be_used_to_compare_different_studies_or_experiments\"><\/span>Can p-value be used to compare different studies or experiments?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nNo, p-values from different studies or experiments should not be directly compared or interpreted as indicators of the strength of evidence between them.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Can_p-value_establish_the_truth_or_falsehood_of_a_hypothesis\"><\/span>Can p-value establish the truth or falsehood of a hypothesis?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nNo, the p-value is not an absolute measure of truth or falsehood. It provides evidence regarding the compatibility of the data with the null hypothesis.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Should_p-value_be_the_sole_determinant_in_decision_making\"><\/span>Should p-value be the sole determinant in decision making?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nNo, p-value should not be the sole determinant in decision making. Other factors such as effect size, study design, and context should also be considered.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"When_should_I_use_a_one-tailed_or_two-tailed_test\"><\/span>When should I use a one-tailed or two-tailed test?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nThe choice between one-tailed and two-tailed tests depends on the specific research question and the directionality of the effect being investigated.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Can_p-value_be_manipulated\"><\/span>Can p-value be manipulated?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\nWhile p-values themselves cannot be manipulated, the way in which a study is designed or conducted can influence the resulting p-value. This highlights the importance of sound scientific practices.<\/p>\n<p>The p-value remains an essential tool in statistical analysis, guiding researchers in interpreting the results of their studies. By understanding its foundations and limitations, scientists can navigate the complexities of hypothesis testing and draw reliable conclusions from their research.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The concept of p-value has been a crucial part of statistical analysis and hypothesis testing for many decades. It is a statistical measure that helps determine the significance of results obtained from experiments or studies. To understand where p-value comes from, let&#8217;s delve into its origins and the fundamental principles behind it. The Birth of &#8230; <\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more-container\"><a title=\"Where does p-value come from?\" class=\"read-more button\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/where-does-p-value-come-from\/#more-218517\">Read more<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Where does p-value come from?<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":55,"featured_media":107420,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[86279],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-218517","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-learn","no-featured-image-padding"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Where does p-value come from?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The concept of p-value has been a crucial part of statistical analysis and hypothesis testing for many decades. 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