{"id":218124,"date":"2024-03-21T16:26:51","date_gmt":"2024-03-21T16:26:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-is-the-adjusted-p-value\/"},"modified":"2024-03-21T16:26:51","modified_gmt":"2024-03-21T16:26:51","slug":"what-is-the-adjusted-p-value","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-is-the-adjusted-p-value\/","title":{"rendered":"What is the adjusted p value?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In statistical hypothesis testing, p-value is a widely used measure that indicates the likelihood of observing a result as extreme or more extreme than the one obtained, assuming the null hypothesis is true. However, when multiple hypothesis tests are conducted simultaneously, the probability of falsely rejecting at least one null hypothesis increases, leading to an increased likelihood of obtaining false positive results, also known as type I errors.<\/p>\n<p>The adjusted p-value is a statistical measure that takes into account the number of tests performed and adjusts the p-value accordingly to control for the familywise error rate (FWER) or the false discovery rate (FDR). It helps to lower the chance of false positive findings and provides a more accurate assessment of statistical significance.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_62 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-is-the-adjusted-p-value\/#Why_is_controlling_the_false_discovery_rate_important\" title=\"Why is controlling the false discovery rate important?\">Why is controlling the false discovery rate important?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-is-the-adjusted-p-value\/#How_is_the_adjusted_p-value_calculated\" title=\"How is the adjusted p-value calculated?\">How is the adjusted p-value calculated?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-is-the-adjusted-p-value\/#What_is_the_Bonferroni_correction\" title=\"What is the Bonferroni correction?\">What is the Bonferroni correction?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-is-the-adjusted-p-value\/#What_is_the_Benjamini-Hochberg_procedure\" title=\"What is the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure?\">What is the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-is-the-adjusted-p-value\/#What_is_the_Holm-Bonferroni_method\" title=\"What is the Holm-Bonferroni method?\">What is the Holm-Bonferroni method?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-is-the-adjusted-p-value\/#When_should_adjusted_p-values_be_used\" title=\"When should adjusted p-values be used?\">When should adjusted p-values be used?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-is-the-adjusted-p-value\/#What_does_an_adjusted_p-value_of_005_mean\" title=\"What does an adjusted p-value of 0.05 mean?\">What does an adjusted p-value of 0.05 mean?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-is-the-adjusted-p-value\/#Does_an_adjusted_p-value_guarantee_a_significant_finding\" title=\"Does an adjusted p-value guarantee a significant finding?\">Does an adjusted p-value guarantee a significant finding?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-is-the-adjusted-p-value\/#Can_adjusted_p-values_be_used_for_non-parametric_tests\" title=\"Can adjusted p-values be used for non-parametric tests?\">Can adjusted p-values be used for non-parametric tests?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-is-the-adjusted-p-value\/#Are_adjusted_p-values_applicable_to_exploratory_data_analysis\" title=\"Are adjusted p-values applicable to exploratory data analysis?\">Are adjusted p-values applicable to exploratory data analysis?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-is-the-adjusted-p-value\/#Is_there_a_standard_threshold_for_adjusted_p-values\" title=\"Is there a standard threshold for adjusted p-values?\">Is there a standard threshold for adjusted p-values?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-is-the-adjusted-p-value\/#What_are_the_limitations_of_adjusted_p-values\" title=\"What are the limitations of adjusted p-values?\">What are the limitations of adjusted p-values?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-is-the-adjusted-p-value\/#Are_adjusted_p-values_used_in_other_fields_besides_statistics_and_research\" title=\"Are adjusted p-values used in other fields besides statistics and research?\">Are adjusted p-values used in other fields besides statistics and research?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-is-the-adjusted-p-value\/#What_is_the_impact_of_using_adjusted_p-values_on_scientific_research\" title=\"What is the impact of using adjusted p-values on scientific research?\">What is the impact of using adjusted p-values on scientific research?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_is_controlling_the_false_discovery_rate_important\"><\/span>Why is controlling the false discovery rate important?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Controlling the false discovery rate is essential to minimize the rate of false positive results, allowing researchers to draw more reliable conclusions from their data without erroneously rejecting null hypotheses.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_is_the_adjusted_p-value_calculated\"><\/span>How is the adjusted p-value calculated?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>The adjusted p-value is calculated using various methods such as the Bonferroni correction, Benjamini-Hochberg procedure, Holm-Bonferroni method, and others. These methods adjust the p-value for each individual hypothesis test based on the number of tests performed and the desired level of significance.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_Bonferroni_correction\"><\/span>What is the Bonferroni correction?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>The Bonferroni correction is a simple and conservative method for adjusting the p-value. It divides the desired level of significance (usually 0.05) by the number of tests conducted. The adjusted p-value for each test is then compared against the adjusted significance level.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_Benjamini-Hochberg_procedure\"><\/span>What is the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>The Benjamini-Hochberg procedure, also known as the false discovery rate controlling procedure, calculates the adjusted p-values by ranking the observed p-values and comparing them to a critical threshold determined by the desired false discovery rate. This method is less conservative than the Bonferroni correction and better suited for situations where a large number of hypothesis tests are conducted.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_Holm-Bonferroni_method\"><\/span>What is the Holm-Bonferroni method?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>The Holm-Bonferroni method is an alternative to the Bonferroni correction, which decreases the chance of type II errors. It works by sorting the p-values and sequentially comparing them to the adjusted significance level. The adjusted p-values are progressively more permissive as the null hypotheses are rejected, allowing for greater statistical power.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"When_should_adjusted_p-values_be_used\"><\/span>When should adjusted p-values be used?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Adjusted p-values should be used when multiple hypothesis tests are performed simultaneously to ensure the reliability and accuracy of the results. They are especially important in genomics, bioinformatics, and other research fields where thousands or millions of tests may be conducted at once.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_does_an_adjusted_p-value_of_005_mean\"><\/span>What does an adjusted p-value of 0.05 mean?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>An adjusted p-value of 0.05 means that the probability of obtaining a result as extreme or more extreme than the observed result, assuming the null hypothesis is true, is 5% or less. Therefore, it suggests strong evidence against the null hypothesis.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Does_an_adjusted_p-value_guarantee_a_significant_finding\"><\/span>Does an adjusted p-value guarantee a significant finding?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>No, an adjusted p-value only provides a measure of statistical significance. It does not guarantee a significant finding in terms of practical or scientific importance. The interpretation of the results should be based on a combination of statistical significance, effect size, and domain-specific knowledge.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Can_adjusted_p-values_be_used_for_non-parametric_tests\"><\/span>Can adjusted p-values be used for non-parametric tests?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Yes, adjusted p-values can be used for non-parametric tests, as they aim to control the rate of false positive results, regardless of the underlying distribution. The calculation of adjusted p-values takes into account the number of tests and does not rely on specific assumptions about the distribution.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Are_adjusted_p-values_applicable_to_exploratory_data_analysis\"><\/span>Are adjusted p-values applicable to exploratory data analysis?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Adjusted p-values are not typically used in exploratory data analysis, where the goal is to investigate and generate hypotheses in an open-ended manner. However, if formal hypothesis tests are performed as part of the analysis, adjusting the p-values may be appropriate to address the issue of multiple testing.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Is_there_a_standard_threshold_for_adjusted_p-values\"><\/span>Is there a standard threshold for adjusted p-values?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>There is no absolute standard threshold for adjusted p-values. The choice depends on factors such as the desired false discovery rate, the specific research field, and the level of confidence required. However, conventionally, a threshold of 0.05 is often used as a common cutoff for statistical significance.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_are_the_limitations_of_adjusted_p-values\"><\/span>What are the limitations of adjusted p-values?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Adjusted p-values rely on assumptions and statistical models, which may not be appropriate for all types of data. They also assume independence between tests, which may not hold true in certain situations. Additionally, adjusting p-values can increase the chance of type II errors, or false negatives, particularly when the sample size is small.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Are_adjusted_p-values_used_in_other_fields_besides_statistics_and_research\"><\/span>Are adjusted p-values used in other fields besides statistics and research?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Adjusted p-values are primarily used in statistics and research, particularly in fields where multiple hypothesis tests are conducted. However, the concept of controlling for type I errors and adjusting significance levels can have applications in other fields, such as quality control in manufacturing or fraud detection in finance.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_impact_of_using_adjusted_p-values_on_scientific_research\"><\/span>What is the impact of using adjusted p-values on scientific research?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Using adjusted p-values helps ensure more robust and valid scientific research by reducing the likelihood of false positive findings. It increases the trustworthiness of the reported results and supports the reproducibility of experiments and studies.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In statistical hypothesis testing, p-value is a widely used measure that indicates the likelihood of observing a result as extreme or more extreme than the one obtained, assuming the null hypothesis is true. However, when multiple hypothesis tests are conducted simultaneously, the probability of falsely rejecting at least one null hypothesis increases, leading to an &#8230; <\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more-container\"><a title=\"What is the adjusted p value?\" class=\"read-more button\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-is-the-adjusted-p-value\/#more-218124\">Read more<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">What is the adjusted p value?<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":55,"featured_media":107420,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[86279],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-218124","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-learn","no-featured-image-padding"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What is the adjusted p value?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In statistical hypothesis testing, p-value is a widely used measure that indicates the likelihood of observing a result as extreme or more extreme than\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-is-the-adjusted-p-value\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What is the adjusted p value?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In statistical hypothesis testing, p-value is a widely used measure that indicates the likelihood of observing a result as extreme or more extreme than\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/namso-gen.co\/blog\/what-is-the-adjusted-p-value\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Namso Gen Blog - 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